GRAMMAR REFERENCE SECTION
GRAMMAR REFERENCE SECTION
Provided that. Providing that. As long as‐So long as -
I wish... ‐ If only ...! ‐ It's time -
Had better do -
The active and passive voice -
Must/ Mustn't – Have to / Don't Have to -
Provided that. Providing that. As long as‐So long as
1‐ The link words above introduce condition. They mean the same as
“but only if” or “if and only if”
Examples:
‐ Provided/ providing (that) you work harder, you will pass your
exam. Or
* You will pass your exam provided/ providing (that) you work
harder.
* (You will pass but only if you work harder)
‐ As long as/ so long as she studies harder, she will pass the
exam.Or
* She will pass the exam so long as/ as long as she works harder.
(She will pass the exam but only if she works harder)
2‐ Tense agreement in complex sentences with as long as/ so long as
and provided (that)/providing (that) are the same as in complex
sentences with if‐conditional (type 1). When you are talking about the
future, do not use will. Use the present simple tense instead.
Examples:
Provided that you leave now, you will arrive at school
on time.
Provided that + present simple, + Will (Future Simple)
I wish... ‐ If only ...! ‐ It's time
I wish...1‐ We use wish + past simple to express a regret about a present
situation by imagining its opposite.
Examples:* I wish I could play the flute. (but I can’t)* I wish you were here. (but you are not here)* I wish I was on holiday now. (but I’m not)* I wish I had a car. (but I haven’t got one)* The past simple refers to the present. As in If‐conditional (type 2) ‐,
“were” is often used instead of was in the first and second person
singular, especially in formal English.
Example:*I wish he were with me now.2‐ We use wish + would to express a desire for change in the near
future, especially when someone or something is annoying us.
Examples :* I wish you would stop talking. (This is a mild command)* I wish you wouldn’t wear that ugly shirt.* Wish about ourselves cannot be expressed with would. We
must use could instead.
Example:* I wish I could lose weight.I wish... ‐ If only ...! ‐ It's time ...
3‐ We use wish + the past perfect to express regret about something
in the past.
Examples:* I wish I had been on holiday last July. (but I wasn’t)* I wish I had listened to your advice yesterday. (but I
didn’t)If only ...!* We can use if only instead of wish to express a stronger feeling of
regret or a stronger wish.
Examples:* If only I had listened to your mother’s advice!* If only I could lose weight!* If only he wouldn’t wear that ugly shirt!It's time ...* When you say It’s time (for someone) to do something, you simply
imply that this is the right time to do it.
Examples:* It’s (high/ about) time for us to go to the station.* But when you say It’s time someone did something, you are in fact
thinking that this action should have been performed earlier, you are
complaining about the delay.
Examples:* Why are you still in bed? It’s (high/ about) time yougot up.* We think it’s time the government did something
about corruption.
* When you want to make the complaint or criticism stronger, you
say It’s high time someone did something.
Example:* It’s high time Hassiba did some work for her final
exam.* The meaning of had better (’d better) is the same as that ofshould/ought to. When you tell your friend s/he’d better do something,
you advise her/him to do it because you think that something bad might
happen if s/he doesn’t do it.
Examples:had better work harder; otherwise you
You might fail your exam.’d better work harder; otherwise you might
fail your exam.had better phone my mother now; she
I might get upset if I don’t’d better phone my mother now; she might
get upset if I don’t
Examples:* You look sick. You’d better not go to school
today.* Are you going out this evening?* I’d better not. I’ve got a terrible cold.Had better do...
* Even though we use the past (had), the meaning is alwayspresent or future. You will also notice that had better /’d better is
always followed by the infinitive without to.‐ Voice is a grammatical category. It expresses whether the subject of
the verb is the agent of the action (the active voice) or whether the
subject of the verb is the object of the action (the passive voice).
In the sentence A lot of chemical industries pollute the rivers, the verb
(pollute) is in the active.
If you say The rivers are polluted by a lot of chemical industries, the
verb (are polluted) is in the passive. You can use the passive only withtransitive verbs.Forms: How to change the active voice to the passive one.
A. Affirmative
Past Simple Present Perfect
Subject Verb Object Subject Verb ObjectThe plant released oxygen / The plant has released oxygenSubject Verb Agent Subject Verb Agent
The active and passive voice
Present simple Future simple
Subject Verb Object Subject Verb ObjectThe plant releases oxygen / The plant will release oxygenSubject Verb Agent Subject Verb AgentOxygen is released by the plant /Oxygen will be released by the
plantModals
Subject Verb ObjectWe must/ can/ could/ may might / conserve our resourcesSubject Verb AgentOur resources must/ can/ could/ may by us.might be conservedWhen we turn an affirmative active sentence into a passive one, we
go through important steps:
1. Move the subject of the active verb to the end of the sentence, and
put by in front of it.
2. Move the object of the active verb to the front of the sentence, so
that it becomes the passive subject.
3. Turn the verb from active to passive. You do this by adding a form of
the auxiliary verb be and the past participle of the verb.
B. Interrogative
Can be
couldUses:
Thank You
situation by imagining its opposite.
Examples:* I wish I could play the flute. (but I can’t)* I wish you were here. (but you are not here)* I wish I was on holiday now. (but I’m not)* I wish I had a car. (but I haven’t got one)* The past simple refers to the present. As in If‐conditional (type 2) ‐,
“were” is often used instead of was in the first and second person
singular, especially in formal English.
Example:*I wish he were with me now.2‐ We use wish + would to express a desire for change in the near
future, especially when someone or something is annoying us.
Examples :* I wish you would stop talking. (This is a mild command)* I wish you wouldn’t wear that ugly shirt.* Wish about ourselves cannot be expressed with would. We
must use could instead.
Example:* I wish I could lose weight.I wish... ‐ If only ...! ‐ It's time ...
3‐ We use wish + the past perfect to express regret about something
in the past.
Examples:* I wish I had been on holiday last July. (but I wasn’t)* I wish I had listened to your advice yesterday. (but I
didn’t)If only ...!* We can use if only instead of wish to express a stronger feeling of
regret or a stronger wish.
Examples:* If only I had listened to your mother’s advice!* If only I could lose weight!* If only he wouldn’t wear that ugly shirt!It's time ...* When you say It’s time (for someone) to do something, you simply
imply that this is the right time to do it.
Examples:* It’s (high/ about) time for us to go to the station.* But when you say It’s time someone did something, you are in fact
thinking that this action should have been performed earlier, you are
complaining about the delay.
Examples:* Why are you still in bed? It’s (high/ about) time yougot up.* We think it’s time the government did something
about corruption.
* When you want to make the complaint or criticism stronger, you
say It’s high time someone did something.
Example:* It’s high time Hassiba did some work for her final
exam.* The meaning of had better (’d better) is the same as that ofshould/ought to. When you tell your friend s/he’d better do something,
you advise her/him to do it because you think that something bad might
happen if s/he doesn’t do it.
Examples:had better work harder; otherwise you
You might fail your exam.’d better work harder; otherwise you might
fail your exam.had better phone my mother now; she
I might get upset if I don’t’d better phone my mother now; she might
get upset if I don’t
| * The negative form is : | had better not’d better not |
today.* Are you going out this evening?* I’d better not. I’ve got a terrible cold.Had better do...
* Even though we use the past (had), the meaning is alwayspresent or future. You will also notice that had better /’d better is
always followed by the infinitive without to.‐ Voice is a grammatical category. It expresses whether the subject of
the verb is the agent of the action (the active voice) or whether the
subject of the verb is the object of the action (the passive voice).
In the sentence A lot of chemical industries pollute the rivers, the verb
(pollute) is in the active.
If you say The rivers are polluted by a lot of chemical industries, the
verb (are polluted) is in the passive. You can use the passive only withtransitive verbs.Forms: How to change the active voice to the passive one.
A. Affirmative
Past Simple Present Perfect
Subject Verb Object Subject Verb ObjectThe plant released oxygen / The plant has released oxygenSubject Verb Agent Subject Verb Agent
| Oxygen was released by the plant | Oxygen the plant | has been released by |
Present simple Future simple
Subject Verb Object Subject Verb ObjectThe plant releases oxygen / The plant will release oxygenSubject Verb Agent Subject Verb AgentOxygen is released by the plant /Oxygen will be released by the
plantModals
Subject Verb ObjectWe must/ can/ could/ may might / conserve our resourcesSubject Verb AgentOur resources must/ can/ could/ may by us.might be conservedWhen we turn an affirmative active sentence into a passive one, we
go through important steps:
1. Move the subject of the active verb to the end of the sentence, and
put by in front of it.
2. Move the object of the active verb to the front of the sentence, so
that it becomes the passive subject.
3. Turn the verb from active to passive. You do this by adding a form of
the auxiliary verb be and the past participle of the verb.
B. Interrogative
| Wh Agent | Auxiliary | Subject | Verb |
| When | was | the Kyoto Protocol | Signed ? |
| Who | has been | arrested by the police? | |
| How | is | oxygen | produced? |
| Where | will | the conference on global Warming | be held? |
| What | Should Must | done to protect the environment? | |
| Was | the treaty on gas emissions | signed by all countries? | |
| Has | the treaty on oil shipping | been | signed by all the parties? |
| Is | the Amazon rainforest | protected by the government? | |
| Will | the next conference | be | held in Algeria? |
couldUses:
*** We use the passive voice when:
a. we focus on the action rather than the performer/ doer of the
action.e.g., The next meeting on the conservation of animal species will be held
in Algiers.b. describing a process or how something works.
e.g. Carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is released by the plant
during the day .At night the process is reversed.c. the performer of the action is unknown, uninteresting, unimportant
or obvious.e.g. Thousands of acres of forest trees were burned.
e.g. The world’s first geothermal plant was built in Italy in 1904.d. we want to avoid beginning a sentence with a complex subject.
e.g. Timber companies which look for easy money fell most trees.
Most trees are felled by Timber companies which look for easy
money.
Note: When we want to say who does the action of the verb in a passive
sentence, we use by and say who does it.
e.g. The fire was started by children who were hiking in the forest.MUST ‐ HAVE TO = Obligation/NecessityWe use must+ verb and have to+ verb when we say it is necessary to do
something or to express obligation.
Examples:* In England, you must drive on the left , but in Algeria, you must drive
on the right.* Peter must clean his parents’car before they give him any pocket
money.*I have to give the book back to the library on Tuesday.* To get to school on time, I have to leave home by 7.30.MUSTN’T = ProhibitionWe use mustn’t + verb to say that something is not allowed.
Examples:* You mustn’t drive fast here. The road sign says that the speed limit is
50 kms per hour.Must/ Mustn't – Have to / Don't Have to
*We mustn’t walk on the grass here. It’s forbidden.DON’T HAVE TO = Absence of obligationWe use don’t have to say something is not necessary.
Examples:*You don’t have to do this exercise. It’s optional.*You don’t have to go to England to learn English.
Thank You
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